BBU (Baseband Processing Unit) and RRU (Radio Remote Unit) are core components of distributed base stations in mobile communication networks. They are connected via fiber optic cables to separate baseband signals from radio frequency signals for processing. Leveraging the architectural advantage of "centralized baseband processing and remote radio frequency processing," they are widely applied in various communication coverage scenarios. The following are typical application scenarios:

This is the most fundamental application scenario for BBU/RRU, used to achieve continuous signal coverage in large-scale areas such as cities, suburbs, and rural regions.

Deployment method: BBUs are typically centralized in data centers (such as base station rooms or data centers), responsible for core functions like baseband signal processing, protocol stack operation, and resource scheduling; RRUs are deployed via fiber optic cables to elevated locations like towers or rooftops, directly transmitting/receiving RF signals, with coverage radii ranging from hundreds of meters to several kilometers (depending on power and environmental conditions).

Advantages: Compared to traditional integrated macro base stations, RRUs are compact and lightweight, allowing flexible installation on tower crossbars, brackets, and other locations, reducing reliance on equipment room space. Additionally, fiber optic transmission has low loss, enabling effective expansion of coverage range and reducing deployment costs.

For indoor environments (such as large shopping malls, office buildings, subways, airports, hotels, etc.) where signal weakness and blind spots are caused by wall obstructions, BBU/RRU is the mainstream solution.

Deployment method: BBUs can be centrally located in building equipment rooms or electrical rooms, connected via fiber optic cables to multiple RRUs, which are then distributed and installed in locations such as ceilings and corridors to form a distributed indoor coverage system.

Advantages: Precisely covers indoor blind spots, enhances signal strength and uniformity; supports concurrent multiple users, meeting the communication needs of high-density crowds in shopping malls, subways, etc.

Suitable for high-speed mobility scenarios such as high-speed rail, highways, and urban rail transit (subways, light rail), addressing the challenges of "rapid handover" and "continuous coverage."

Deployment method: Deploy RRU units every 1-3 kilometers along railways/highways, connected via fiber optic cables to a remote BBU (capable of centrally managing multiple RRU units); utilize "cell merging" or "soft handover" technology to minimize signal interruptions during high-speed train movement.

Advantages: RRUs are compact and easy to install (e.g., on utility poles along tracks), capable of adapting to complex terrain along the route; centralized BBU management simplifies network operations and maintenance, ensuring communication stability during high-speed movement.

Targeted at mountainous regions, islands, rural areas, and other regions with weak infrastructure, this solution aims to achieve basic communication coverage at low cost.

Deployment method: BBUs can be centrally deployed in county or township central data centers, with RRUs extended via long-distance fiber optic cables to remote villages (extension distances up to 10-20 kilometers), and RRUs directly installed on simple poles or rooftops of residential buildings.

Advantages: No need to build independent data centers for each coverage point, significantly reducing civil engineering and power costs; Fiber optic transmission has strong interference resistance, making it suitable for complex natural environments.

In high-density crowd scenarios such as large sports arenas, concert venues, and exhibition centers, support for massive concurrent user access (e.g., 10,000-user concurrent access under 5G) is required.

Deployment Method: BBUs adopt a "baseband pool" architecture to centrally process baseband signals from multiple RRUs; Densely deploying small RRUs within the venue (e.g., one RRU per 50-100 square meters) to enhance spectrum utilization through cell splitting.

Advantages: Flexible RRU deployment adapts to complex venue structures, while centralized BBU resource scheduling dynamically allocates bandwidth to meet high-throughput, low-latency requirements (e.g., live streaming, AR/VR services).

In industrial scenarios such as industrial parks, mines, and ports, stable and reliable communication support is required for IoT devices (e.g., sensors, drones, and automated equipment).

Deployment method: BBUs are deployed in industrial data centers, while RRUs are flexibly installed according to device distribution (e.g., along production lines, mine tunnels, and port yards), supporting Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) or industrial-grade 5G (URLLC) protocols.

Advantages: RRUs can withstand harsh industrial environments such as high temperatures, dust, and vibrations; BBUs support edge computing functionality, reducing data transmission latency to meet the real-time requirements of industrial control.